隧道火灾集中排烟系统集纵向和横向排烟模式的优势，应用愈加广泛。然而在排烟过程中，大量烟气易从离风机较近的排烟阀排出，极大降低了排烟效率并浪费了能源，为解决此类问题提出均匀风量集中排烟模式的概念，通过调节排烟阀开启角度，使各排烟阀排烟量均匀一致，最大限度的将高温烟气由火源附近的排烟阀排出。基于质量、动量和能量守恒方程，以排烟道内烟流为控制体，建立均匀排烟模式下关于排烟阀流速、排烟量、排烟阀开启角度和排烟风机风压关系的理论预测模型并求出解析解；同时，以港珠澳大桥海底沉管隧道为原型，建立世界最大断面尺寸沉管试验隧道，开展足尺验证试验。研究结果表明：均匀风量排烟系统能够通过控制排烟阀开启角度平衡各排烟阀排烟量实现高效排烟的目的；提出火灾时应开启火源最近处排烟阀且在满足烟气流速限值的情况下，控制排烟阀开启数量，既能缩短烟气蔓延范围又能实现有效节能；均匀排烟模式下，各排烟阀排烟量均匀一致，排烟阀开启角度呈逐渐增大趋势，离火源越近排烟阀开启角度越小。最后，以10 MW火灾为例，通过足尺试验验证均匀风量集中排烟烟气运动理论模型的正确性。
Abstract
In the process of smoke extraction in a central smoke extraction system, a large amount of smoke may be discharged from the smoke extraction damper close to the extraction fans. In this case, the extraction efficiency is greatly reduced and energy consumption increases. To solve this problem, the concept of smoke extraction with a uniform smoke rate is presented in this paper. Adjusting the smoke extraction damper opening angle can make the extraction rate of each smoke extraction damper uniform, such that the high temperature smoke can be discharged furthest through the smoke extraction damper near the fire source. The prediction models of the relationship between the smoke velocities in the duct and damper, extraction rate, opening angle of dampers, and the wind pressure of the extraction fans in the mode of the uniform smoke extraction system are established by theoretical analysis. Meanwhile, taking the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao immersed tunnel as the prototype, the immersed experimental tunnel with the biggest cross-sectional size in the world is constructed, and full-scale fire experiments have been carried out. The results show that in the mode of smoke extraction with a uniform smoke rate, the extraction rate of each smoke extraction damper could be made equal by controlling the opening angle of each damper. It is also suggested that the damper near the source should be open in the fire, and as long as the smoke velocity limit is not exceeded, the number of dampers could be open as few as possible, which may not only shorten the smoke spread range but also achieve effective energy saving. In the uniform smoke extraction mode, the smoke extraction rate of each dampers is uniform, and the opening angle of dampers gradually increases. The closer to the fire source, the smaller the opening angle of dampers. Finally, taking 10 MW fire as an example, the theoretical prediction results are verified by the full-scale experiment.
关键词
隧道工程 /
足尺试验 /
隧道火灾 /
集中排烟系统 /
均匀排烟 /
理论模型
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Key words
tunnel engineering /
tunnel fire /
full-scale experiment /
central smoke extraction /
uniform smoke rate /
theoretical prediction model
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中图分类号：
U459.2
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参考文献
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脚注
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基金
重庆市基础科学与前沿技术研究专项项目（cstc2016jcyjA1548）；重庆市教委科学技术研究项目（KJ1600505）；山区桥梁与隧道工程国家重点实验室培育基地开放基金项目（CQSLBF-Y16-17）；重庆市社会事业与民生保障科技创新专项项目（cstc2015shmszx30013）
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